A sander for car paint removal is a crucial tool in the automotive industry that serves a vital role in the process of stripping old paint from a vehicle’s surface. This tool typically employs abrasive materials such as sandpaper or abrasive discs to eliminate the existing paint layers effectively. Here are some important technical specifications of a sander tool that tell you crucial information about the compatibility and performance of a sander tool.
- Rotational Speed: The rotational speed of a sander is a crucial factor that significantly impacts its performance and effectiveness in various applications. This is the speed at which the sanding disc or abrasive pad rotates, which determines the quality of the finish, the material removal rate, and the overall safety of the sanding process.
- Motor Power: Motor power directly impacts the speed at which a sander operates since this is basically the core parameter of the device referring to its power output capacity. A more powerful motor generally means higher rotational speeds and faster material removal. This is particularly crucial when working on large or heavily textured surfaces, as it can significantly reduce the time and effort required to achieve the desired results.
- Power Type: The power type of a sander should be considered when choosing the right tool for your sanding needs. It refers to how the sander is powered, and this choice has an impact on the portability and convenience of the tool. One of the primary considerations in power type is whether the sander is corded or cordless, which gives you an idea about its portability. In corded, you can find 2 different options: electrical and pneumatic.
Before repainting a car, it’s essential to remove the existing paint completely. Here, a sander tool makes this tedious process possible by effectively stripping away the old and damaged paint layers. This ensures a clean and smooth surface for the new paint to adhere to, preventing issues like bubbling, peeling, or uneven coating. However, if you are planning to perform the sanding process yourself, you need to prime yourself with the best possible sander available for the job. To help you with that, we are bringing you the finest option available right now for a sander. You can also check out our “Buying Guide” for the best sander and see which of these options suits your needs the best based on the guide.
Best Sander for Car Paint Removal Table
| Sander for Car Paint Removal | Speed | Motor Power | Power Type | Buy Now |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BLACK+DECKER Sander | 12000 OPM | 2.0 Amp | Corded Electric | Check On Amazon |
| BOSCH Sander | 7500 to 12000 OPM | 2.5 Amp | Corded Electric | Check On Amazon |
| DEWALT Sander | 8000 to 12000 OPM | 3 Amp | Corded Electric | Check On Amazon |
| SKIL Sander | 13000 OPM | 2.8 Amp | Corded Electric | Check On Amazon |
| Makita Sander | 4000 to 12000 OPM | 3.0 Amp | Corded Electric | Check On Amazon |
| Ryobi Sander | 10000 OPM | - | Battery Powered | Check On Amazon |
| ZFE Sander | 10000 OPM | 1 Amp | Pneumatic | Check On Amazon |
| PORTER-CABLE Sander | 12000 OPM | 20 Amp | Battery Powered | Check On Amazon |
| Wagner Spraytech Sander | 2600 RPM | 3.2 Amp | Corded Electric | Check On Amazon |
| Ingersoll Rand Sander | 18000 RPM | 12 Amp | Pneumatic | Check On Amazon |
Best Sander for Car Paint Removal Reviews
1. BLACK+DECKER Sander 
For a power tool, the best choice of brand is usually the one that is trusted by professionals and preferred by a lot of buyers. Therefore, we are starting off our list with this sanding tool from Black Decker.
Our 1st choice is the Black Decker BDERO100, which is a powerful and versatile tool designed to elevate your sanding experience. With a reputation for excellence, it brings you this high-performance corded electric random orbit sander, engineered to deliver a swirl-free finish that will impress both professionals and DIY enthusiasts alike. Equipped with a robust 2.0 Amp motor, this sander boasts the capacity to tackle a wide range of sanding tasks with ease. It delivers an impressive 12,000 orbits per minute, ensuring efficient material removal and a smooth, professional finish on various surfaces.
The sander’s compact design allows it to fit into tight spaces effortlessly. This feature enhances its versatility, making it suitable for intricate projects or areas where maneuverability is essential. The lightweight construction reduces user fatigue during extended use, ensuring that you can tackle your projects comfortably. And since it is designed with user comfort in mind, the sander features a comfort grip handle. This ergonomic handle design ensures that you can work for longer periods with reduced hand fatigue, allowing you to maintain precision and control throughout your projects.
Best Features
- It can operate at up to 12000 OPM speed
- The motor power is 2 AMP
- This is a corded electric sander tool
- Sandpaper sheet and dust bag included
Pros
- Most popular option for a sander tool
- Lightweight and compact design
- Cheaper option compared to other options
Cons
- Motor power is better with many other alternatives
2. BOSCH Sander 
It might be difficult to find someone who is not familiar with the brand BOSCH. This is one of the leading suppliers of power tools around the world, with many options available for professionals.
In the 2nd position, we are putting yet another trusted choice, the BOSCH ROS20VSC Palm Sander. This is more of a complete kit that includes everything you need for a top-notch sanding and polishing experience. With its 2.5 Amp motor, this corded electric random orbital sander offers remarkable control and precision for a range of applications. It is made with a pad-dampening system designed to eliminate swirl marks on both flat and contoured surfaces. This feature ensures that your finished workpiece boasts a smooth and flawless appearance, making it suitable for various sanding and polishing tasks.
Bosch’s signature Hook and Loop disc attachment system simplifies the attachment of sanding pads. The discs adhere to the hand sander like Velcro, ensuring secure and hassle-free installation. Its powerful 2.5 AMP motor also allows for speed adjustments that match your workpiece and the task at hand with ease. It can operate within a no-load range of 7,500 to 12,000 orbits per minute.
Best Features
- It can operate within 7500 to 12000 OPM speed
- The motor power is 2.5 AMP
- This is a corded electric sander tool
- Many different accessories are included
Pros
- Coming from a very premium brand
- Overall build quality and reliability is trusted
- Disc attachment and detachment is very simple
Cons
- Tool’s size might be too compact to perform faster operation
3. DEWALT Sander
Dewalt is yet another brand that always has an alternative solution available when it comes to power tools and other similar accessories. As expected, the sander tool from Dewalt is similarly popular as its other options.
Our 3rd choice for the best sander for car paint removal is the DEWALT Random Orbit Sander. This is a powerhouse of performance that maintains ultimate precision and comfort. This corded electric sander is powered by a 3 amp motor, capable of spinning the pad at an impressive range of 8,000 to 12,000 orbits per minute. Whether you’re a professional or just getting started, this sander is designed to elevate your sanding projects to new heights. The powerful motor can easily tackle a wide variety of sanding tasks with ease. Furthermore, the variable speed control allows you to adjust the OPM between 8000 to 12000 to match the specific needs of your workpiece.
The shorter height of this hand sander is a special feature that enables users to get closer to the workpiece. This feature enhances control, precision, and visibility, ensuring that you achieve the desired results with ease. Another important feature is the separate counterweight design that reduces vibration, providing an improved level of comfort during prolonged sanding sessions. Also, critical areas of the sander are equipped with a rubber over-mold, enhancing grip and user comfort.
Best Features
- It can operate within 8000 to 12000 OPM speed
- The motor power is 3 AMP
- This is a corded electric sander tool
- It has an improved dust switch
Pros
- Very powerful and long-lasting choice
- Universal quick connector is available to avoid the dust port
- Separate counterweight design is unique and innovative
Cons
- Comparatively expensive than other options with similar power rating
4. SKIL Sander 
Coming to the budget range of options, we have a highly affordable sanding tool available from SKIL. However, there are no compromises made on the tool when it comes to performance or compatibility.
A 2.8 amp motor powers the SKIL Random Orbital Sander and is capable of delivering 13,000 orbits per minute. With that, this simple corded electric sander can provide a smooth performance across a variety of sanding applications. To maintain the cleanliness and safety of the user, it also features a dust collector. The X-flow dust collector can make dust collection a breeze and completely automated. It utilizes cyclone force to collect dust and debris in its transparent container.
The sander’s variable speed control provides the right amount of power and control for different materials and tasks. You can adjust the speed to match the specific requirements of your project, ensuring optimal results. The ergonomic design and soft rubber grip of the SR211601 are provided so that your hands remain comfortable during extended use. It also has a counterweight balance to effectively reduce hand fatigue caused by vibration, allowing you to work comfortably for longer periods.
Best Features
- It can operate at up to 13000 OPM speed
- The motor power is 2.8 AMP
- This is a corded electric sander tool
- Counterweight to reduce fatigue
Pros
- Highly compact size and ergonomic design
- One of the most affordable choice on this list
- Dust-sealed switch ensures hassle-free operation
Cons
- Not the best option for simultaneous professional jobs
5. Makita Sander 
While we are on the topic of professional jobs, let us introduce you to the sanding tool from Makita, one of the few brands on the market that offer premium options for professional use.
The Makita BO5041K Orbit Sander is a highly premium tool dedicated to delivering smooth and efficient results for all types of sanding jobs. With a powerful 3 AMP motor under its hood, this corded electric sander can tackle a wide range of sanding tasks with high precision and speed. The sander also features a variable speed control dial that allows you to adjust the sanding speed between 4,000 and 12,000 orbits per minute. So, you can match the sanding speed precisely to the specific requirements of your project, ensuring optimal results.
As this is a premium option, user comfort and ergonomics are especially considered for this tool. It comes with an ergonomic rubberized palm grip and handle. These design elements improve operator comfort during prolonged use, reducing hand fatigue and promoting precise control. Also, you will receive a carrying case along with the tool so that you can easily carry the tool to any remote location without worrying about damaging the tool itself or its accessories.
Best Features
- It can operate within 4000 to 12000 OPM speed
- The motor power is 3 AMP
- This is a corded electric sander tool
- Carrying case is included
Pros
- One of the high-end solutions for a corded sander for paint removal
- It has a highly powerful motor
- Suitable for almost all types of sanding jobs
Cons
- Might be an excessive investment for simple and basic sanding jobs
6. Ryobi Sander
If we are talking about budget-friendly or value for the money options, Ryobi is one of the few brands that first come to mind for a power tool. There are hundreds of power tools supplied by Ryobi that are preferred by thousands.
The Ryobi P411 One+ is the first cordless option that we are featuring on this list which also happens to be the most popular cordless choice. This versatile and convenient sanding tool offers complete freedom from cords and extensions. Powered by the Ryobi One+ battery, this sander provides the flexibility to work anywhere without the hassle of cords or the limitations of power outlets. The sander also features sanding pads attached using a hook and loop connecting system. This design ensures quick and easy pad changes, optimizing user convenience and reducing downtime during your sanding tasks.
Despite the powerful motor, the Ryobi P411 is designed with an ergonomic rubber overgrip featuring notches. This design enhances comfort and control, allowing you to maintain a secure grip even in the face of intense vibrations. The sander also comes equipped with a dust bag that is attached to the tool, which further helps with the portability factor. This dust bag effectively collects shavings and debris during your work, minimizing the need for extensive post-job cleaning and promoting a cleaner work environment.
Best Features
-
- It can operate at up to 10000 OPM speed
- Powered by the Ryobi One+ battery
- This is a battery-powered sander tool
- Hook and loop sanding pad system
Pros
- Best option in terms of budget and portability
- Ergonomic design for long working hours
- High OPM despite being a cordless option
Cons
- Resulting torque is much better with different options
7. ZFE Sander
While we are talking about budget options, let us take a look at yet another similar choice from a brand called ZFE. While it may not be as popular as the choices we have seen so far, it still offers a pretty decent lineup of power tools and accessories.
The ZFE Random Orbital Sander is yet another special option available on our list today since it is not an electrical sanding tool. Instead, this power tool operates over compressed air to power the 1 amp motor and generate around 10000 OPM rotational speed. So if your workshop already has an air compressor available, this is certainly a worthy investment for you. The air sander is designed for professional use, considering its lightweight and ergonomic design that allows for easy handling and comfortable operation, making it suitable for a variety of sanding and polishing tasks.
As for its build quality, you will find this option much more sturdier than what you could expect at this price point. It has a steel rotor, steel cylinder, and high-hardness fan blade movement to ensure long-lasting durability. These components are engineered to closely match the speed, ensuring durability and resistance to damage while the tool is activated. The built-in regulator also allows for speed control of up to 10,000 RPM, delivering high power along with excellent balance.
Best Features
- It can operate at up to 10000 OPM speed
- The motor power is 1 AMP
- This is a pneumatic sander tool
- Lightweight and ergonomic design
Pros
- Operates on compressed air
- Best option for workshop owners
- Comprehensive set of accessories are included
Cons
- Not a suitable option if you don’t have an air compressor
8. PORTER-CABLE Sander
If you are still looking for cordless options, you may need a high-power option for heavy-duty jobs. Thus, we are adding the following option from PORTER-CABLE to our list.
Introducing the PORTER-CABLE PCCW205B Sander, which is a cordless sanding tool designed for high output and ease of use. This tool is built to deliver exceptional performance, with a maximum output of up to 12,000 orbits per minute, making it suitable for professional material removal tasks carried out with ultimate finish and high precision. The sander also includes a dust bag that further simplifies the dust collection process. You can easily attach and remove the dust bag, saving you time and effort during your sanding tasks.
To make it possible, it comes with a vacuum port that can be connected to a 1¼ inch hose that assures effective dust extraction and maintains a cleaner working environment. With its low-profile structure, this sander also offers high maneuverability and ease of use. The design allows for precise control when sanding, promoting accurate results. You will also find a rubber grip on the tool that minimizes hand strain and provides a comfortable gripping surface. This ergonomic feature ensures that you can work for extended periods without discomfort.
Best Features
- It can operate at up to 12000 OPM speed
- The motor power is 20 AMP
- This is a battery-powered sander tool
- Can be connected to a 1¼ inch hose
Pros
- Powerful option for a battery-powered tool
- Battery life is approximately 4 hours
- Easy to use and maintain
Cons
- Hose needs to be purchased separately
9. Wagner Spraytech Sander
While almost all professional options for a sanding tool are quite expensive, there are a few brands like Wagner that make such tools available at a highly competitive price tag.
The Wagner Spraytech 0513040 Palm Grip is a complete kit rather than a mere tool, which is an innovative and efficient solution for removing paint and preparing surfaces for repainting. With the palm grip, the paint removal tool can be tough on paint while remaining gentle on surfaces, making it an ideal choice for a range of paint removal tasks. It works with a 4½ inches disc sander that is designed to excel at removing paint. Its unique design allows it to effectively tackle paint removal tasks while ensuring user control and minimizing damage to the underlying surfaces.
The sander also utilizes a 3M spun-fiber disc operating at 2,600 RPM. This design offers the perfect balance of user control and abrasive performance, ensuring efficient paint removal while maintaining surface integrity. When operated on its edge, it excels at removing stubborn paint chips. When operated flat, it smoothes and feathers the paint edges, preparing the surface for repainting. And with a 3.2 Amp motor, the PaintEater delivers powerful performance, easily removing paint chips and smoothing surfaces.
Best Features
- It can operate at up to 2600 RPM speed
- The motor power is 3.2 AMP
- This is a corded electric sander tool
- Open web disc design
Pros
- 3M spun-fiber disc
- Versatile paint removal capabilities
- Relatively powerful at this price point
Cons
- It is a corded option which has limitations in terms of portability
10. Ingersoll Rand Sander
Ingersoll Rand is a brand that solely deals with pneumatic tools as well as compressors that are needed to operate such tools. So, it would be a better choice in case you are thinking about getting a pneumatic variant.
For the last position, we have saved yet another pneumatic option, which is best suited for heavy-duty and continuous sanding jobs. This compact yet powerful tool can deliver impressive performance in a range of applications. This high-speed sander is equipped with an 18000 RPM motor and a built-in power regulator, ensuring that it can compete with its larger counterparts when it comes to sanding tasks. It is possible with an 18000 RPM motor that provides robust performance.
This pneumatic sander also offers variable speed control and features a pistol grip design, allowing you to have full control over your sanding operations. As this is a lightweight tool, it weighs only 2.3 lbs, making it easy to handle for extended periods, reducing user fatigue. With a 5-inch pad, this orbital sander is ideal for small jobs and for reaching tight or hard-to-access spaces, providing versatility in your sanding applications. In the package, you will find two backing pads, including a 3-inch pad and a 5-inch pad, offering flexibility for different sanding needs.
Best Features
- It can operate at up to 18000 RPM speed
- The motor power is 12 AMP
- This is a pneumatic sander tool
- One of the most lightweight options
Pros
- Most powerful pneumatic sanding tool
- Best suited for professional work
- Great for intricate jobs
Cons
- A high-pressure air compressor is needed to get the best performance
Buying Guide For The Best Sander for Car Paint Removal
Manual paint removal methods, like scraping or sanding by hand, can be extremely time-consuming as well as intensive. It can get even more tedious when it comes to larger vehicles where you need to cover a lot of surface area. In some cases, it can take multiple days of your time and effort to sand a car and prime it for a repaint perfectly.
However, the process can be simplified by introducing a sander for car paint removal in the job. A power sander significantly reduces the time and effort required to prepare the car’s surface for a new paint job. Sanders also allows for precise control over the paint removal process, ensuring that paint is evenly removed across the entire surface. This consistency is crucial to achieving a professional-looking finish on the vehicle. To help you pick the best option for your needs and under your budget, we have prepared this helpful buying guide for the best sander for car paint removal.
1. Rotational Speed
A sander is a basic mechanical tool that rotates a disc of abrasive surface at high speed so that it can remove the surface layer upon coming in contact with the car body. Therefore, the rotational speed of the sander basically dictates the total time you need to finish the job. And as you can imagine, a faster tool will certainly get the job done at a faster pace. This is particularly important when dealing with rough or uneven surfaces, where a faster rotational speed can expedite the smoothing and leveling process. But lower speeds are also important for finer finishing work where precision and control are more important, such as detailing or dealing with the body’s curves and angles. The choice of rotational speed also depends on the type of material being worked on. If the tool is too fast for the material, it can leave permanent burn marks on the surface, which can be difficult to cover with paint.
2. Motor Power
For all mechanical tools, wherever you see a rotating platform, there is a motor powering the device, and the same goes for a sander as well. The motor power or the output capacity of the motor directly affects the performance of the tool. It affects the speed levels at which the tool can operate as well as the torque of the rotating disc, ensuring that it is not overwhelmed by the resulting friction.
As you may have guessed, for tasks like sanding down rough lumber or removing multiple layers of paint from a car, a powerful motor can make the job quick and efficient. Motor power also affects the sander’s ability to maintain consistent performance under load. When working on tough or dense materials, a weak motor may bog down, leading to uneven sanding, stalling, or overheating. A powerful motor can handle these challenges with ease, ensuring that the sander continues to operate smoothly and efficiently even when faced with demanding tasks.
3. Power Source
One of the primary considerations in power type is whether the sander is corded or cordless. Corded sanders are powered by electricity from a wall outlet, providing a consistent and uninterrupted power source. They are typically more powerful and suitable for heavy-duty tasks that require sustained performance, such as sanding large surfaces or removing multiple layers of paint. Corded sanders are also beneficial when you are working on projects with long durations since they don’t rely on battery life.
Thus, ensuring you can work continuously without interruption. On the other hand, cordless sanders run on rechargeable batteries, offering greater portability and flexibility. They are ideal for tasks in remote locations or when working on projects where access to electrical outlets is limited. Cordless sanders also provide the freedom to move around without the constraints of a cord, making them convenient for quick touch-ups or smaller projects. However, their power output may be somewhat limited compared to corded models, and they require periodic recharging, which can interrupt your work if the battery runs out.
4. Voltage
The voltage of a sander is a vital specification that directly impacts its power output, performance, and compatibility with electrical systems. Understanding the importance of voltage when choosing a sander is essential to ensure that the tool functions optimally and safely for your job.
The voltage is a measure of the electrical potential difference between two points in a circuit. In the context of sanders, it primarily refers to the power source required to operate the tool. Common voltage ratings for sanders typically range from 110 to 240 volts, with variations depending on the region or country’s electrical standards. Generally, the voltage of a sander is closely tied to its power output. In general, sanders with higher voltage ratings tend to be more powerful and capable of handling more demanding tasks. This means that they can remove material more quickly, smooth surfaces more efficiently, and tackle larger or tougher projects.
5. Grip Type
Unlike the factors we have seen so far, the grip type of a sander is a crucial aspect that influences the tool’s ergonomics, comfort, and control during use. It plays a significant role in user comfort, fatigue reduction, and the overall quality of the sanding work. The ergonomics of the tool and user comfort are highly important when selecting a sander, especially for professionals who work with such tools for longer hours of the day.
The design of the grip significantly impacts how the tool feels in the user’s hand. A well-designed grip that fits comfortably in the hand reduces strain and fatigue during prolonged standing sessions. It lets the operator maintain better control over the sander, leading to more accurate and precise results. The grip type can vary between sanders, with options such as pistol grip, palm grip, and barrel grip, among others. Each type has its advantages and may be better suited to specific applications.
Sander for Car Paint Removal – FAQs
Ans: The type of sander that is often considered ideal for removing car paint is an orbital sander or a dual-action sander. These sanders are designed to provide a balanced combination of power, precision, and control, making them well-suited for paint removal. Orbital sanders feature a random orbital motion that helps prevent swirl marks and uneven surfaces. This motion ensures that the abrasive pad moves in both circular and orbital patterns, which minimizes the risk of damaging the underlying car body while effectively removing the paint.
Ans: The time it takes to sand paint off of a car manually can vary widely depending on several factors, including the size of the vehicle, the type of paint and primer used, and the condition of the paint. But if you are performing the action manually, it can be safe to assume that almost all vehicles would require at least a couple of days of hard work. And on top of that, larger vehicles will naturally require more time to sand than smaller ones. For instance, sanding a compact car will generally take less time than sanding a full-sized SUV or truck.
Ans: Proper maintenance of a car paint sander is essential to ensure its longevity, reliability, and consistent performance. Just like any other tool, the very first thing that you have to do after each job is thoroughly clean the tool and remove dust, debris, and residual paint. You can use compressed air or a soft brush to clean the sander’s body, grip, and motor housing.
While you are cleaning the tool, also check the abrasive pad or backing plate for signs of wear and tear. If you notice the same, you will need to replace these components as needed. Some sanders, such as pneumatic ones, may also require timely lubrication to maintain performance.
Ans: Sander pads of a car paint sander degrade over time and are not intended to be reusable for extended periods. The abrasive material on sander pads gradually wears down as it comes into contact with the surface being sanded due to friction. Over time, this wear diminishes the pad’s effectiveness in removing paint or smoothing surfaces. Once the abrasive material is significantly worn or no longer provides the desired results, you will need to replace the pad.
Ans: Orbital sanders are suitable for removing car paint, but they are not typically the first choice for a lot of professionals. While they can be used for automotive paint removal, other sanders are more commonly preferred due to their efficiency and effectiveness in this context. The primary reason orbital sanders are not the top choice for car paint removal is that they are designed for finer sanding and finishing work. Hence, they are generally less aggressive than other sanders, which are designed specifically for paint removal.
Conclusion
A sander for car paint removal is a vital tool for achieving a professional paint job on a vehicle, whether you are getting it done in a shop or taking it upon yourself to give your vehicle a new look. It saves a lot of time and ensures proper surface preparation, enhancing the overall quality of the paint job. However, selecting the perfect sander involves considering factors such as power type, motor capacity, operation speed, etc, making it a challenging decision that requires careful evaluation to meet your specific needs. To avoid the hassle of going through hundreds of options and comparing them individually, we have selected a handful of the best tools available right now for the job. You can also refer to our buying guide to check which properties affect the performance and useability of the tool. Lastly, we have some handpicked recommendations that you can check out in case you haven’t made up your mind yet.
- A lot of times, a simple and budget-friendly tool is more than enough, and investing in an overly premium option does not make sense. If the same goes in your case, we will suggest checking out the BLACK+DECKER Sander. This is the cheapest as well as most reliable option on our list today, favoured by thousands. This is a 5-inch sander that offers 2 amp motor power and operates at about 12000 OPM, granting you accessibility for most common paint removal jobs. And since this is a corded option, you also don’t need to rely on batteries, and you can work for as long as you want at once.
- However, portability is usually an important deal for some buyers, especially if access to a wall outlet is not available at all times. If so, you should take a look at the PORTER-CABLE Sander since this is the most powerful option we could find for a cordless sander. A 20 Amp motor powers it and offers 12000 OPM working speed which is higher than many other cordless and even corded sanders. And even with this much power, you can expect up to 4 hours of battery life with the tool making it possible for smaller tasks. You will also get a detachable dust bag with the tool, which allows you to easily work on the field without worrying about dust and residue material.
- Lastly, we will suggest the DEWALT Sander as it marks the perfect balance between performance, reliability, and affordability. This is also a corded electric sander powered by a 3 AMP motor, which can operate between 8000 to 12000 OPM. Unlike most other options, this particular sander is best suited for high-quality finish as it has a shorter tool height, allowing you much better control over the tool. It also has a separate counterweight, which offers improved ergonomics, enabling longer working hours without any fatigue.
